Clinical Informatics Research Colloquium

The Clinical Informatics Center at UT Southwestern hosts the Clinical Informatics Research Colloquium to highlight the great work done at UT Southwestern in the clinical informatics space. This part of our effort to bring clinical informatics, research informatics, and other data and informatics scientists together at UT Southwestern to foster exchange of ideas, collaboration, and development of grants, papers, and novel projects.

AY24 Schedule

  • March 26, 2024, 1 to 2:30 pm, Vignesh Subbian, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Systems and Industrial Engineering Associate Director of the Center for Biomedical Informatics & Biostatistics at the University of Arizona - "Making Sense of Temporal Black-box Models in Biomedicine"

Past Clinical Informatics Research Colloquiums

February 27, 2024

The February 27, 2024 colloquium featured Dr. CT Lin, University of Colorado School of Medicine - Dr. Lin presented his talk on "Consumerism and Patient Engagement, or the End of Secrecy in Healthcare (information transparency, info blocking)."

January 30, 2024

The January 30, 2024 colloquium featured Dr. Murat Kantarcioglu, University of Texas at Dallas - Dr. Kantarcioglu presented his talk on "Privacy-preserving healthcare data linkage and sharing for pandemic responses."

December 12, 2023

The December 12, 2023 colloquium featured Dr. Susan Matulevicius, UTSW and Dr. Ling Chu, UTSW.  They presented their talk on "Physician EHR Wellness".

November 28, 2023

The November 28, 2023 colloquium featured Dr. Wanda Pratt, University of Washington.  She presented her talk on "Informatics to support inclusive and equitable healthcare".

October 24, 2023, 1 to 2:30 pm

The October 24, 2023 colloquium featured Dr. Bryan Steitz, Vanderbilt University and Dr. Robert Turer, UTSW. They presented their talk "Promoting Engagement through Information Sharing: Understanding the Impact of Open Results on Patients and Providers".

September 26, 2023, 1 to 2:30 pm

The September 26, 2023 colloquium featured Dr. Muhammad Amith, UTMB Health. He presented his talk “Applications of biomedical ontologies for clinical and public health research.”

May 18, 2023, 1 to 2:30 pm

The May 18, 2023 colloquium featured Dr. Bill Hersh, MD who presented his talk Competencies and Curricula Across the Spectrum of Learners for Biomedical and Health Informatics”. William Hersh, MD, FACP, FACMI, FAMIA, FIAHSI is a Professor in the Department of Medical Informatics & Clinical Epidemiology (DMICE) in the School of Medicine at Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU) in Portland, Oregon, USA. Dr. Hersh served as the inaugural Chair of DMICE from its inception in 2003 through 2022. He is a leader and innovator in biomedical informatics both in education and research. 

March 28, 2023, 1 to 2:30 pm

The March 28, 2023 colloquium featured CIC trainees. 

Dr. John Hanna (Clinical Informatics Fellow) - "Impact of Fluency Direct at Parkland Health 

Lyndie Ho (Medical Student) - "Incidence and Risk Factors for Severe Clinical Outcomes in Pediatric COVID-19: A Retrospective, Multisite EHR Analysis" 

Dr. Jenny Weon (Clinical Informatics Fellow)“Failure Modes and Effects Analyses on Pre-Analytical Workflows for Small and Irreplaceable Patient Specimens” 

Dr. Derek Ngai (Clinical Informatics Fellow)- “Clinical Decision Support Intervention to Improve Nutritional Evaluation Consistency in Pediatric Patients with Feeding Tubes” 

Dr. Averi Wilson (Clinical Informatics Fellow) - Electronic Health Record Usability and Clinician Satisfaction when caring for Children with Medical Complexity”. 

Tanner Hardy (Medical Student) - "Germline referral gap in genitourinary cancer patients" 

Biya Cham (High School Student) - "Identity Management Challenges in a State COVID-19 Vaccination Registry" 

Alex Wang (High School Student) Risk Factors for Adverse Outcomes with Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy” 

February 28, 2023, 1 to 2:30 pm

The February 28, 2023 colloquium featured Philip J. Kroth, MD, MScprofessor and chair of the Department of Biomedical Informatics at the Western Michigan University Homer Stryker, M.D. School of Medicine since January of 2020. He presented his talk “How much do EHRs and health IT contribute to physician stress and burnout”.   

January 24, 2023, 1 to 2:30 pm

The January 24, 2023 colloquium featured Charles P. Friedman, PhDJosiah Macy Jr. Professor of Medical Education and Chair of the Department of Learning Health Sciences at the University of Michigan Medical School. He presented his talk “Computable Biomedical Knowledge to Enable Mass Action in Learning Health Systems”.   

December 13, 2022, 1 to 2:30 pm

The December 13, 2022 colloquium featured Katherine Maddox, MD Assistant Professor, Palliative Care Physician, Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Anesthesiology and Pain Management, UT Southwestern, Children’s Health. The title of her talk was "Advocating for a Physician Builder Program". Dr. Maddox discussed grass roots efforts for starting a Physician Builder program at a pediatric academic institution - 1. Identify the need and pilot a solution. 2. Advocate with administration, 3. Create a model for intervention.

November 15, 2022, 1 to 2:30 pm 

The November 15, 2022 colloquium featured Justin Rousseau, M.D. Dr. Rousseau is an assistant professor in the Departments of Population Health and Neurology at Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin. He resented his talk "In search of ground truth: Multiple dimensions and applications of digital phenotypes in health and research informatics”. 

Abstract: Many definitions exist for digital phenotypes depending on the context, from mobile device usage for behavioral health to patient cohort definitions from secondary analysis of electronic health record (EHR) data. The main objective of digital phenotypes is to accurately identify or characterize patients’ states of health with specific medical conditions or who were exposed to specific interventions. However, individual representations of one’s digital phenotype have their own limitations and biases depending on the source of the data making identification of a ground truth a persisting challenge. The use of these data for secondary analysis including predictive modeling algorithms and machine learning tasks propagate the limitations and biases of the source data. This talk will highlight different approaches to digital phenotyping and present opportunities to approach a more accurate ground truth by using multiple sources of patient data, while describing challenges in integrating these data modalities, including when there are conflicts in the data. This talk will focus on projects highlighting unstructured data extracted from clinical notes via natural language processing, structured EHR data, smart phone use data, patient self-report data, as well as environmental data. Clinical contexts of these projects include clinical decision support for appropriate use of imaging studies for headache, monitoring cognitive decline and delirium prevention in dementia, clinical outcomes for children who have experienced traumatic life events, and measurement-based care in early psychosis treatment. These projects will illustrate the different perspectives these data provide and how we might leverage them together to better support clinical decisions, quality of care, and clinical research. 

October 25, 2022, 1 to 2:30 pm
The October 25, 2022 colloquium featured Kevin B. Johnson, MD, MS, FAAP, FACMI, FIAHSI, FAMIA. Dr. Johnson is the David L. Cohen University Professor of Biomedical Informatics, Computer and Information Science, Pediatrics, and Science Communication at the University of Pennsylvania.Dr. Johnson presented his talk “The Observer project: A BHAG Becoming Less Audacious”.   

Abstract: Recent studies about physician burnout, lack of cognitive support from electronic health records, and poor quality and quantity of physician documentation demonstrate a need for innovative thinking to improve electronic health records in various settings. However, the ability to involve a multidisciplinary academic community is hampered by poor access to data from the settings. Reasons for this poor access are primarily related to restrictions getting into hospital and ambulatory settings, as well as challenges understanding the intended goals versus the actual performance of clinicians and patients during clinical encounters.  

My lab is proposing to address the challenge of poor access by creating an open date a resource of the entire sociotechnical environment in an ambulatory clinic room. This project, called the Observer project, will be discussed, as well some of the interesting people, process, and technical challenges associated with beginning the data collection phase of this project. 

October 4, 2022, 1 to 2:30 pm
The October 4, 2022 colloquium featured Christoph U. Lehmann, MD, FAAP, FACMI, FIAHSI. Dr. Lehmann is the Associate Dean for Clinical Informatics, Willis C. Maddrey, MD Distinguished Professor in Clinical Sciences, and Director, Clinical Informatics Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. Dr. Lehmann presented his talk “Ethical Considerations for the Use of AI.   

Abstract: Recent advances in the science and technology of artificial intelligence (AI) and growing numbers of deployed AI systems in healthcare and other services have called attention to the need for ethical principles and governance. We define and provide a rationale for principles that should guide the commission, creation, implementation, maintenance, and retirement of AI systems as a foundation for governance throughout the lifecycle. Some principles are derived from the familiar requirements of practice and research in medicine and healthcare: beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy, and justice come first. A set of principles follow from the creation and engineering of AI systems: explainability of the technology in plain terms; interpretability, that is, plausible reasoning for decisions; fairness and absence of bias; dependability, including “safe failure”; provision of an audit trail for decisions; and active management of the knowledge base to remain up to date and sensitive to any changes in the environment. In organizational terms, the principles require benevolence—aiming to do good through the use of AI; transparency, ensuring that all assumptions and potential conflicts of interest are declared; and accountability, including active oversight of AI systems and management of any risks that may arise. Particular attention is drawn to the case of vulnerable populations, where extreme care must be exercised. Finally, the principles emphasize the need for user education at all levels of engagement with AI and for continuing research into AI and its biomedical and healthcare applications.    

May 31, 2022, 1 to 2:30 pm
The May 2022 colloquium featured Yaa Kumah-Crystal M.D, M.P.H., M.S., Assistant Professor of Clinical Biomedical Informatics and Pediatric Endocrinology at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Dr. Kumah-Crystal’s research focuses on studying communication and documentation in healthcare and developing strategies to improve workflow, and patient care delivery. Dr. Kumah-Crystal works in the Innovations Portfolio at Vanderbilt HealthIT on the development of Voice Assistant Technology to improve the usability of the EHR through Natural language communication. Dr. Kumah-Crystal is the project lead for the Vanderbilt EHR Voice Assistance (VEVA) initiative to incorporate voice user interfaces into the EHR workflow.  She presentws her talk “Finding Your Voice in the EHR”.

April 26, 2022, 1 to 2:30 p.m.
The April 2022 colloquium featured Robert Turer, M.D, MSE, MSACI, from the Department of Emergency Medicine at UT Southwestern. He presented his talk “User-Centered Design and Implementation of a FHIR-Based Custom Application Facilitating Point-of-Care Prognostication for Children with Pneumonia.”

Abstract: Dr. Turer will discuss his team’s experience using user-centered design and risk communication best practices to design, evaluate, and iteratively improve a clinical decision support tool for displaying the results of a prognostic model for children presenting to the emergency department with pneumonia. Additionally, Dr. Turer will address practical considerations related to the integration of custom applications using Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) within a commercial electronic health record (EHR) system for point-of-care use.

March 29, 2022, 1 to 2:30 p.m.
The March 2022 colloquium featured Drs. Yiye Zhang and Rochelle Joly from Weill-Cornell Medicine. They presented their talk “Putting the ‘HER’ in ‘EHR’: Detecting women at risk of developing postpartum depression using artificial intelligence.” Dr. Zhang is an Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine and Assistant Professor of Healthcare Policy and Research at Weill Cornell Medical College. Dr. Joly is an Assistant Professor of Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology at Weill Cornell Medical College.

February 22, 2022, 1 to 2:30 p.m.
The February 2022 colloquium featured three speakers on the topic of EHR Burden:

A Jay Holmgren, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor, Center for Clinical Informatics and Improvement Research, School of Medicine, University of California
“Resident Physician Experience and Duration of Electronic Health Record Use”

Amrita Sinha, M.D.
Combined pediatric critical care and clinical informatics fellow, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine
“Measuring Electronic Health Record Use in the Pediatric ICU Using Audit-Logs and Screen Recordings”

Dr. Yuliya Pinevich 
Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
“Interaction Time with Electronic Health Records: A Systematic Review”

January 25, 2022, 1 to 2:30 p.m.
The January 2022 colloquium featured Suzanne Bakken, RN, PhD, FAAN, FACMI. Dr. Bakken is the Alumni Professor of Nursing and Professor of Biomedical Informatics at Columbia University and the Editor-in-Chief of JAMIA. JAMIA is the American Medical Informatics Association’s premier peer-reviewed journal for biomedical and health informatics. Covering the full spectrum of activities in the field, JAMIA includes informatics articles in the areas of clinical care, clinical research, translational science, implementation science, imaging, education, consumer health, public health, and policy. JAMIA's articles describe innovative informatics research and systems that help to advance biomedical science and to promote health. Case reports, perspectives and reviews also help readers stay connected with the most important informatics developments in implementation, policy and education.

Dr. Bakken shared with our informatics community what it is like to manage an informatics journal, what our faculty, trainees, and students need to know about writing good informatics papers, and insights on up-and-coming topics in informatics research in her talk “Publishing in Biomedical and Health Informatics: Insights from the JAMIA Editor-in-Chief.”

December 14, 2021, 1 to 2:30 p.m.
The December 2021 colloquium featured the Clinical Informatics Center student trainees.

Alyssa Chen, Clinical Informatics Center Medical Student Trainee
Title: A large-scale retrospective study on thrombocytopenia associated with beta-lactam antibiotics

Alex Wang, Clinical Informatics Center High School Trainee
Title: Analysis of Textual Features in Crowdfunding Campaign Success

Derek Zhang, Clinical Informatics Center High School Trainee, STARS Summer Research Program Trainee
Title: Optimizing Sepsis Clinical Decision Support to Reduce Alert Fatigue

Madison Pickering, M.S., Clinical Informatics Center Trainee Member
Title: NetworkSIR and EnvironmentalSIR: Effective, Open-Source Epidemic Modeling in the Absence of Data

November 30, 2021, 1 to 2:30 p.m.
The November 2021 colloquium featured Carolyn Petersen, MS, MBI, FAMIA. Ms. Petersen is Senior Editor at Mayo Clinic, where she focuses on digital health information development for MayoClinic.org. She has masters degrees in biomedical informatics and exercise and movement science, and is an American College of Sports Medicine-certified exercise physiologist. Ms. Petersen is a past co-chair of the ONC Health Information Technology Advisory Committee and a consumer representative on US FDA medical device advisory panels. She previously served on PCORI’s Healthcare Delivery and Disparities Research Advisory Panel and its Telehealth Advisory Panel. She is a member of the Ethics and Public Policy Committees of the American Medical Informatics Association, and a past chair of AMIA’s Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues Working Group. She is a survivor of a pediatric cancer with research interests in improvement of long-term survivorship care, person-generated health data governance, and patient-developed health IT. She will presented her talk “Patient Advocacy in Health IT: Where It Has Been, and Where It Is Going.”

Abstract: As we enter the third decade of the 21st century, patient involvement in health care and health IT has moved out of its infancy to become a full-fledged movement. Roles for patients have proliferated, and it’s not always clear how to effectively work with them. This talk will clarify common forms of patient involvement such as patient advocacy, review what engaged patients are doing today, and explore upcoming opportunities for engagement.

October 26, 2021, 1 to 2:30 p.m.
The October 2021 colloquium featured George Hripcsak, MD, MS, Vivian Beaumont Allen Professor and Chair of Columbia University’s Department of Biomedical Informatics and Director of Medical Informatics Services for NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia Campus. He presents his talk “Drawing reproducible conclusions from observational clinical data with OHDSI.”

Abstract: Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics (OHDSI) is multi-stakeholder, interdisciplinary, international collaborative with a coordinating center at Columbia University. Its mission is to improve health by empowering a community to collaboratively generate the evidence that promotes better health decisions and better care. With over 2,000 researchers from 74 countries and health records on 800 million unique patients, OHDSI carries out federated studies at sufficient scale to answer questions about diagnosis and treatment. Current work addresses the bias inherent in the medical literature by carrying out research at large scale, automating the analysis, correcting for confounding, and calibrating on residual confounding. OHDSI has produced evidence to inform hypertension treatment, COVID-19 therapy, and COVID-19 vaccine safety.

September 28, 2021, 1 to 2:30 p.m.
The September 2021 colloquium featured Dr. Ross Koppel, Professor of Biomedical Informatics at the Perelman School of Medicine, Senior Fellow at Penn’s Center for Public Health Initiatives, and Adjunct Professor at Penn’s Sociology Department. Dr. Koppel is known for studying the impact of healthcare information technology on medical practice. His work on EHR usability and the implications of work around has changed the health informatics industry to improve the safety and accuracy of medical records. He presented his talk “EHR Usability: What can be done to make EHRs more efficient?”

Abstract: EHRs have so many extraordinary qualities, advantages, and functionalities. Modern medicine needs them. It’s impossible to think about current healthcare without them. But the people who use them – physicians, nurses, and others – express almost universal frustration with them. Often rage. The problem is so very often about usability. And usability is the absolute first issue raised in studies of burnout. Clinicians are forced to spelunk for data that should be obvious; obliged to scroll and click for too long to find data that should be contiguous. Tests and other results are classified under names that sometimes don’t make sense. Navigation that leaves one unsure how to get back to what you need. Endless tabs that have identical names but different functions in different screens. In contrast, there is established science on the measurement and on the methods of improvement of usability. We know how to make user-interfaces far better than they are. But like Mark Twain’s line about the weather, everyone talks about it but few do anything about it. In this presentation, Ross Koppel will discuss the history of vendors’ relationship with usability efforts. He’ll show examples of screen shots and studies that you’ll find humorous, tragic, and useful to better guide us to less frustrating and more efficient EHRs.

June 29, 2021, 1 to 2:30 p.m.
The June 2021 colloquium featured Adam Wright, Ph.D., Professor of Biomedical Informatics at Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Director of the Vanderbilt Clinical Informatics Center and Bryan Steitz, Ph.D., Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Department of Biomedical Informatics. Dr. Wright presented his talk “Measuring and Monitoring Clinical Decision Support Using Audit Log Data.” Dr. Steitz presented his talk “Evaluating the Work of Managing Clinical Messages Using EHR Access Logs.”

Dr. Wright’s Abstract: Clinical decision support (CDS) has been shown to improve quality and safety when used effectively.  However, effective CDS is challenging, and users often report poor utility of CDS interventions and alert fatigue and proving that CDS has an impact on clinical outcomes has been difficult. EHRs frequently log a large amount of data about CDS firing and performance, but this data is not consistently used or monitored. In this talk, I will present recent research on measurement and monitoring of CDS systems, with a focus on detecting malfunctions, improving CDS and monitoring user feedback.

Dr. Steitz’s Abstract: Electronic health record (EHR)-based asynchronous communication, also known as inbasket messaging, is essential to support clinical practice. Despite the utility, a high volume of messages and the time necessary to manage one’s inbox have been identified as major contributors to job dissatisfaction. Message volume, however, presents a simplified view of the wider task of managing these communications. The breadth of data collected during routine EHR use offers critical insight into the articulation work surrounding clinical messages such that we can improve the task of inbasket management. In this talk, I will present ongoing research using EHR access logs to investigate the articulation work of managing clinical messages, with a particular focus on task interruption and information seeking.

April 27, 2021, 1 to 2:30 p.m.
The April 2021 colloquium featured Dr. Aviel (Avi) D. Rubin, Professor of Computer Science and Technical Director of the Information Security Institute at Johns Hopkins University. He is also the Director of the JHU Health and Medical Security Lab.

Dr. Rubin presented his talk “Medical Device Security:  A Thing Smart People Do.” As the global medical device market has expanded, there has been an increasing demand for the cyber professionals necessary to secure these systems and ensure their safe clinical operation. The cybersecurity of medical devices encompasses a unique and diverse set of security disciplines, combining traditional cyber and privacy principles with a knowledge of basic physiology and common clinical functions. This talk explores the rapidly growing field of medical device security and the evolving role of the security professional, with a focus on the relationship between device security, patient safety and regulatory science. Attacker roles and medical device threat models will be examined through real-world examples of medical systems that have undergone rigorous security analyses as part of the regulatory review process. These case studies will illustrate the unique skill set required of the medical device security professional and the important role they play in the medical device market.

Bryron Davis, Chief Information Security Officer for UT Southwestern Medical Center, started the colloquium with his talk “Cybersecurity Perspectives at UT Southwestern” and served as moderator.

March 30, 2021, 1 to 2:30 p.m.
The March 2021 colloquium featured a series of connected talks on the Use of Mobile Apps in Research by Alexander Turchin, M.D., MS; Timothy Smith, M.D., Ph.D.; Jukka-Pekka (JP) Onnela, ScD.

Dr. Turchin, Associate Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School and Informatics Research at the Division of Endocrinology at Brigham and Women's Hospital presented his talk “D2R2: Digital Recruitment for Digital Research.” Dr. Smith, Assistant Professor of Neurosurgery at Harvard Medical School, presented his talk “Using Mobile Apps to Measure Quality of Life.” Dr. Onnela, Associate Professor of Biostatistics at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Director of the Master of Science in Health Data Science Program, presented his talk “Digital Phenotyping Using Smartphones.”

December 15, 2020, 12 to 1:30 p.m.
The December 2020 colloquium featured Dr. Dean F. Sittig, Professor, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Biomedical Informatics.

Dr. Sittig presented his talk “A Sociotechnical Framework for Safety-related EHR Research Reporting: The SAFER Reporting Framework.” Electronic Health Records may improve the safety and quality of healthcare, but they also may introduce novel errors and problems. Current safety reporting guidelines do not capture the complexity of sociotechnical factors (technical and non-technical factors such as workflow and organizational issues) that confound or influence these interventions. Dr. Sittig will discuss the novel Safety-related EHR Research Reporting Framework (the SAFER Reporting Framework), which enables reporting of patient safety focused EHR-based interventions while accounting for the multifaceted, dynamic sociotechnical context affecting intervention implementation, effectiveness and generalizability.

October 13, 2020, 1 to 2:30 p.m.
The October 2020 colloquium featured work related to OpenNotes and OurNotes Implementation. Chethan Sarabu, M.D., a pediatrician and clinical instructor at Stanford and the Director of Clinical Informatics at doc.ai presented his talk “OpenNotes: A decade of strengthening the patient-clinician relationship.” Tokunbo Akande, M.D., Medical Director of Informatics at Sanford Health presented his work on OurNotes.

Dr. Richard Medford moderated the Colloquium.

August 25, 2020, 1 to 2:30 p.m.
The August 2020 colloquium featured the Parkland Center for Clinical Innovation (PCCI). PCCI is a leading, non-profit, artificial intelligence and cognitive computing organization affiliated with Parkland Health & Hospital System, one of the country’s largest and most progressive safety-net hospitals.

Steve Miff, Ph.D., President and CEO, and Vikas Chowdhry, M.S., MBA, Chief Analytics and Information Officer, presented their talk “Connected Communities of Care During the COVID19 Pandemic: Bringing together data science and SDoH”.

June 30, 1 to 2:30 p.m.
The June 2020 colloquium focused on Interoperability, which remains elusive in many clinical settings and featured work related to addressing this challenge including:

  • Carequality and eHealth Exchange
  • Direct Messaging
  • Epic Care Everywhere

Steven R. Lane, M.D., MPH, FAAFP, Clinical Informatics Director, Privacy, Information Security and Interoperability, Sutter Health, presented on Carequality and eHealth Exchange.
Christopher Mack, Executive Director of Strategic Initiatives - Strategy and Business Development, Sutter Health, presented on Direct Messaging
Katherine Lusk, MHSM, RHIA, FAHIMA, Chief HIM & Exchange Officer, HIM/IT Children’s Health, presented on Epic Care Everywhere.

April 29, 2020, 1 to 2:30 p.m.
The April 2020 colloquium featured work related to COVID-19 at UTSW, including topics such as forecasting, creating a COVID registry, and COVID related tweets.

Data Architecture and Workflows for COVID
DuWayne Willett, M.D., M.S.

Care Paths for Monitoring Patient’s COVID Status
Mujeeb Basit, M.D., MMSc

Modeling COVID Predictions
Andrew Jamieson, Ph.D.
Michael Holcomb, M.S.

Twitter Analysis of COVID-19
Richard Medford, M.D.
Sameh Saleh, M.D.

Closing Remarks
Seth Toomay, M.D.