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WEIGHT REGULATION AND THE ROLE OF LEPTIN J. Denis McGarry, Ph.D. A portion of this outline has been taken, with permission, from a Medical Grand Rounds lecture on the genetics of obesity given by Rody Cox, M.D. at U.T. Southwestern, March 7, 1996. Obesity has become a world-wide epidemic, particularly in developed countries. It is associated with a number of serious morbidities, including Type 2 diabetes, osteoarthritis and hypertension. The current cost of obesity/Type 2 diabetes syndromes

Cases in employees 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Day of onset (July) Cases 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Employees Visitors Cases Day of onset (July) Cases in employees and visitors Secondary attack rate Cases in household members Total number of household members X 100 • Epidemiology: the study of diseases in populations • Epidemic: an unusual occurrence (a significant increase in

Osmosis and Osmoregulation Robert Alpern, M.D. Southwestern Medical School Water Transport Across Semipermeable Membranes • In a dilute solution, Jv = Lp (∆P - RΤ∆CS ) • Jv - volume or water flux • Lp - hydraulic conductivity or permeability • ∆P - hydrostatic pressure gradient • R - gas constant • T - absolute temperature (Kelvin) • ∆Cs - solute concentration gradient Osmotic Pressure • If Jv = 0, then ∆P = RT∆Cs van’t Hoff equation ∆Π

? "@ Understanding Cellular Systems Using Genome Data Kim Reynolds, UT Southwestern, Sept. 2014 Why is this problem hard?! ! Detailed knowledge of the molecular players…! an apparently dense, interconnected network.! Why is this problem hard?! ! Detailed knowledge of the molecular players…! an apparently dense, interconnected network.! ! A complex biological system. what do we mean by complex? Hillenmeyer, ME et al. (2008) Science 320, p 5874 gene essentiality in yeast for ~5000

The Skeletal Response to Aging: There’s No Bones About It! April 7, 2001 Joseph E. Zerwekh, Ph.D. Interrelationship of Intestinal, Skeletal, and Renal Systems to the Overall Maintenance of Normal Calcium Homeostasis Blood Calcium Absorption (500 mg) Secretion (300 mg) Resorption (500 mg) Formation (500 mg) Filtration (8000 mg/d) Reabsorption (7800 mg/d) Dietary Ca (800 mg/d) in stool 200 mg lost in urine 600 mg lost 800 mg output Functions of the Human Skeleton • Protects

How Neurons Communicate at Synapses Jose Rizo-Rey White gives check mate in two moves Samuel Loyd 1859 So beautiful! Samuel Loyd 1859 OUR AMAZING BRAIN http://research.vtc.vt.edu/news/2013/feb/13/brain-awareness-week-designed-highlight-advances-b/ trauma.blog.yorku.ca arttattler.com Neurons are the key cells that make the brain so unique (drawings by Santiago Ramon y Cajal) https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved