3 R's:  

The concepts of refinement, replacement, and reduction seek to eliminate or reduce unnecessary pain and distress in animals, encourage the use of non-animal models, and reduce the total number of animals used in research. Refinement techniques include pain-relieving drugs, environmental enrichment programs, the establishment of more humane endpoints, and the use of new diagnostic or therapeutic techniques that reduce the invasiveness of data collection. Replacement alternatives utilize in vitro methods such as cell culture or the use of a species lower on the phylogenetic scale. In some situations, computer simulations and mechanical or chemical techniques (e.g. ELISA) may also be used to replace animals. Reduction may be accomplished by maximizing the use of animals by sharing tissues from one animal with several investigators, minimizing the loss of animals through good post-operative care, by performing pilot studies to estimate variability and evaluate procedures and effects, and by using statistical analysis to generate the maximum information from the minimum number of animals.

Adjuvants:

Alum
Freunds Complete CFA
Freunds Incomplete FIA
Gerbu
Lipid encapsulated
Montanide ISA
Nitrocellulose-adsorbed
Ribi
Titermax

Controlled Substances:

Click here for the Controlled Substances Chart

Drug Dosage Chart:  

Click here for Drug Dosage Chart

This chart was provided by Dr. Brackee.

Flow Chart Examples:  

Flow Charts

 Human embryonic stem cells:

Human embryonic stem cells are derived from fertilized embryos less than a week old. Embryonic stem cells are undifferentiated cells that are unlike any specific adult cell. However, they have the ability to form any adult cell. Because undifferentiated embryonic stem cells can proliferate indefinitely in culture, they could potentially provide an unlimited source of specific, clinically important adult cells such as bone, muscle, liver, or blood cells.

Recombinant DNA:

Recombinant DNA is (i) molecules that are constructed outside living cells by joining natural or synthetic DNA segments to DNA molecules that can replicate in a living cell, or (ii) molecules that result from the replication of those described in (i) above.

Routes of Drug Administration  

Table of Pain Categories  

Rodent Analgesia Options

* Not recommended as the sole agent. Can be used with other analgesics, consult with ARC veterinarian

**  Must ensure animal is eating and singly housed.  Recommend using one dose of injectable carprofen immediately post operatively for survival surgery, followed by the wafers.